In the laboratory, both females and males have died during disengagement, sometimes leaving reproductive ends attached to the opposite sex. As soon as the workers emerge from their larval state, the nest begins to enlarge rapidly. [3] Along with their subfamily, Vespinae, this species demonstrates supportive parental care for offspring, separation of reproductive and sterile castes, and overlapping generations. The most recognizable features of V. maculifrons are the black and yellow lines on the head, thorax, and abdomen. [13] In one area, hundreds to thousands of males patrol prominent trees and bushes by constantly flying around them. A colony consists of three types of individuals in a social group: queens, workers, and males. Even with the help of these informative tips, it can be difficult to differentiate without the assistance of a trained professional. They feed on honeydew, which is a sweet, sticky liquid. [14], As a social species, V. maculifrons colonies depend on collaboration. However, no evidence of reproductive competition exists within V. maculifrons colonies. [2] Dolichovespula maculata is another predator of V. maculifrons and other yellowjacket species. V. pensylvanica is a social ground-nesting wasp native to western North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Other cells are then added to the sides of the first and an envelope is built around the first group of cells which form a miniature comb. [19] Workers dedicated to foraging are capable of olfactory learning, allowing them to distinguish odors specific to food. Required fields are marked *. "Biology." [6] The specific name maculifrons is derived from the Latin word macula, which means spot, and frons, which means forehead. The German yellowjacket, Vespula germanica, is more of an urban wasp and frequently nests in houses! Eastern Yellowjacket – Vespula maculifronsBees & Wasps Index | Parasitica | Aculeata | SymphytaLive adult yellowjackets photographed in the wild at DuPage County, Illinois. Vespidae consists of three subfamilies – Stenogastrinae, Polistinae, and Vespinae – which display common features such as tarsal claws. Yellow Jackets – Facts, Nests and Control Methods. Make sure you apply the cream onto the sting site thrice a day, and it can be bought online and is available over the counter. Standing as far away as possible, point the spray at the nest and saturate the nest with spray. These are the two yellowjackets: eastern yellowjacket, Vespula maculifrons (Buysson), and the southern yellowjacket, Vespula squamosa (Drury). BMC Evolutionary Biology. [6] The most recognizable features of V. maculifrons are the black and yellow lines on the head, thorax, and abdomen. The Yellowjackets of America North of Mexico. The envelope’s surface is gray in color and has a scalloped texture. Sarah: Oh, Till date i was thinking them to be a BEE. While the body is curved and wider than the head, the abdomen narrows at its attachment to the thorax, which is thinner than the abdomen. In most of the areas where it is found, V. maculifrons is the most common yellowjacket species. [2] However, nests have been found from just under the surface to 250 mm (9.8 in) deep. [18] The number of trips a worker makes to forage depends on the age of the worker, as well as the size of the nest, since more food is necessary to feed a larger nest.
Yellow jackets are thin wasps that can easily be identified by their black and yellow colouring. Spraying wasp control pesticides can be the best way to go about. This occurrence is explained because potential conflict between subfamilies is offset by the reproductive success of queens; the mate number of queens is correlated to the number of queen cells a colony creates. Yellow Jacket Prevention Using Killer Foams! Yellow jackets are predatory eusocial insects belonging to the vespula family. Though they are less aggressive than the other yellow jacket species, they can spray venom in the eyes of their attackers when provoked. And the common yellow jackets build their nests not only above but beneath the ground as well. [3] Adults feed larvae with a chewed paste made from other insects and carrion. Eastern yellowjackets are a subterranean species, making nests below the ground. The nest should be completely coated. The German yellowjacket will nest in wall voids of buildings. Their subterranean nests are not deep, mostly covered by less than 50 mm (2 in) of soil. Adults hunt live prey to feed their larvae. Nature Picture Library offers the best nature photographs and footage from the world's finest photographers, to license for commercial and creative use. Mistakes will get cleaned up. More footage of the eastern yellowjacket (Vespula maculifrons) colony in our backyard. The nest construction begins with the onset of spring in early March and the workers along with the queen die out by the onset of autumn by the end of July. Only two of the 18 Nearctic species of Vespula are known from Florida (Miller 1961). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. This phenomenon may occur due to higher genetic diversity, which could lead to genetically varying workers that are more efficient at their jobs. Though this is a ground nesting pest, it can be found in nesting voids inside buildings and structures. There are some of these creatures that build their nests hanging from a tree. Eastern yellowjacket (EY): We prefer to be viewed as a global insect. [5] The envelope of the nest is tan-brown to red-orange in color. [2] The larvae feed on this waste, thereby preventing waste and debris buildup under the nest. Here are several solutions to eliminate manageable yellow jacket infestations. Eastern Yellow Jackets (sometimes misidentified as 'ground hornets') are generally beneficial insects because they prey on many various species of pest arthropods. A large nest can contain 10,000 to 15,000 cells, with a little less than a third of them dedicated to the larger queen cells. [10], As seen in many social insects, cuticular lipids are a source of communication among adults. Thus, reproductive competition occurs so that the genes of specific subfamilies can be passed on and survive. The first part of the nest constructed is the stalk, which eventually narrows into a cord and then expands again to make the first hexagonal cell. We are found worldwide, but there are fewer than 20 species of us in North America — including, technically, the bald-faced hornet (D. maculata). Male having strong genitalic locks for mating is also advantageous, due to male-male competition, but can cause problems during disengagement. (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae)", "Body Temperature and Thermoregulation in Two Species of Yellowjackets, Vespula Germanica and V. Maculifrons", "Pheromonal Mediation of Alarm in the Eastern Yellowjacket (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)", "Observations on Male Behavior of the Eastern Yellowjacket, Vespula Maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)", https://www.academia.edu/2325339/Edwards_1980_Social_Wasps_Their_Biology_and_Control, "Vespula Squamosa: A Yellow Jacket Wasp Evolving Toward Parasitism", Citizen science observations for Eastern yellowjacket, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_yellowjacket&oldid=994262094, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 December 2020, at 21:03. Most yellow jackets are ground nesting wasps that can be easily be mistaken for bees. The native eastern yellowjacket (Vespula maculifrons) builds its paper nest underground, usually in abandoned rodent burrows. Although a second male may occasionally attempt to grasp a queen immediately after copulation with another male, postcopulatory sperm competition is not common. These are the common yellow jacket species found in North America. The lines on the abdomen also differ based on caste, with the queens having one flared black line nearest the thorax followed by thinner black lines. Eastern yellowjacket colonies not parasitized may reach a population of about 3,000 workers! As mentioned above, yellow jackets are eusocial wasps that have a clear caste system. The nest contains a series of suspended combs where the queen lays her eggs and the young ones are hatched and reared. A V. maculifrons nest can range from 94–300 mm (3.7–11.8 in) in diameter, allowing for hundreds to thousands of workers inside. Like any other yellow jacket species, it defends its nest aggressively and is capable of inflicting multiple stings. Eastern yellowjacket entering underground nest under rock. Not to be confused with certain bees that die after a single sting, these wasps may sting repeatedly whenever they feel it necessary and can inflict a very painful sting.[3]. (1971). mask to protect yourself from any insecticide that blows back out of the opening. This occurrence is advantageous to V. squamosa because the species is a social parasite of V. maculifrons, and their similar hydrocarbon compositions can act as a chemical camouflage to help V. squamosa parasitize nests. The aerial yellow jacket and the bald faced hornets are the only two common specimens that build aerial nests. Drowning an underground nest with boiling water can also be useful though there is no guarantee that all of them will be killed. The facultative social parasite of V. maculifrons, Vespula squamosa, responds to the alarm response of V. maculifrons, suggesting common chemistry between pheromones. Towards the end of the seasonal cycle, the gynes mate with multiple males. Other males do not try to approach an ongoing copulation, but a male might try to copulate immediately after. It is very common in woodlands, pastures, parks and lawns. As a result, males can prevent competition from another male by elongating copulation. This then allows the male to climb onto the female's gaster from behind. <, "Yellowjackets and Hornets, Vespula and Dolichovespula Spp. Yellow jacket nests are usually underground nests and are mostly not visible. An active colony can house about 700 workers at any time. These nests are found in hardwood forests and creek banks, but also in urban and subur… The eastern yellow jacket or eastern yellowjacket (Vespula maculifrons) is a wasp found in eastern North America. The eastern yellowjacket Vespula maculiforna is its counterpart on the East Coast of North America and can have nests underground or in cavities such as hollows in trees. The lines on the abdomen also differ based on caste, with the queens having one flared black line nearest the thorax followed by thinner black lines… [10] Until the first offspring emerge as adults, the lone queen lays eggs, forages for food, cares for the young, and defends the nest. However, foragers that were not at the nest when the pheromone was expressed do not respond in a similar manner. In the spring, the queen selects the spot where the colony will be located. The opening looks like a burrow to a small rodent den and careless footsteps can result in a painful introduction to its residents. [5] Predation of V. maculifrons may occur over other wasp species due to the shallow depths and fragile envelopes of their nests. Occasionally, in northern urban areas, it has been recorded nesting within wall voids of various structures - including homes. Common and eastern yellowjackets nest in the ground. Vespula squamosa is a common parasite of V. maculifrons, though they are facultative, which means they can live both independently and parasitically. They can, however, be a source of irritation when their nests are located near homes. Keep in mind that these are both social wasps that will sting if disturbed. To make room for more cells, the inner layers of the envelope are rechewed and used to make more envelope layers outside. The best way to control a yellowjacket colony is to find and treat the nest. An excavated southern yellowjacket nest that was likely founded by an eastern yellowjacket queen. The Western Yellow jacket and Eastern Yellow jacket make their nests in the ground. Yellowjackets and Hornet Vespula and Dolichovespula spp. This pheromone is linked to the sting apparatus and prompts attraction and attack. However, honeydew is susceptible to fermentation, causing individuals that feed on it to become inebriated and unable to fly or walk. [2] This yellow jacket is a social insect, living in colonies of hundreds to thousands of individuals. Only two of the 18 Nearctic species of Vespula are known from Florida (Miller 1961). It receives its common name of baldfaced from its largely black color but mostly white face, and that of hornet because of its large size … [15], When queen cell construction begins in late August to early September, it is in the male's best interest to mate with a queen and produce a gyne. They are not considered as a threat until and unless the nest is located in areas of high human activity. Yet, V. maculifrons queens, and many other species’ queens, mate multiply. In the spring, the queen selects the spot where the colony will be located. More than 500,000 images and video clips online, from tigers to turtles and elephants to sharks. Hoffman, Eric A., Kovacs, Jennifer L. and Goodisman, Michael A. D. (August 20, 2008). However, specific genotypes and previous mating does not affect queen survival during this period. Since both queens and males can mate multiple times, the queen's signals are advantageous if her spermatheca is full, thereby preventing the waste of resources and time. Common and eastern yellowjackets nest in the ground. New colonies are founded annually during the spring. The bald faced hornet nests are built in April and the colonies decline with the onset of winter in September. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. [11] These workers maintain and expand the nest when they mature, while the queen continues to produce more offspring. If a male sees a female while patrolling, he flies closer to the female in a zigzag fashion and stops on a nearby leaf. Each year up to 40% of the eastern yellowjacket nests are parasitized by other species of yellowjackets, primarily the southern yellowjacket, Vespula squamosa. Other common Texas “wasps” include: the eastern yellowjacket, Vespula maculifrons (Buysson) (generally found in eastern Texas), paper wasps (such as Polistes carolina), hornets (such as the baldfaced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata), the cicada killer wasp (Sphecius speciosus), and mud daubers (such as Chalybion californicus). [5] They are also frugivores, obtaining carbohydrates from fruits, nectar, and honeydew. V. maculifrons has many predators; most are mammals much larger than the wasps, such as raccoons, black bears, and skunks. If you look closely (watching in high quality helps) you can see … Males frequently groom their legs, antennae, and gasters throughout courtship, mating, and after contact with a queen. [2] When winter comes, the colony dies and only some of the queens survive to begin a new colony the next nesting cycle. This refers to the spots on the head of species, which is another distinguishing characteristic. Aerial yellowjackets build paper nests on shrubs, bushes, houses, sheds, etc. In most of the areas where it is found, V. maculifrons is the most common yellowjacket species. However, they sometimes build their nests in close proximity to occupied structures or outdoor recreational areas which create the potential for a dangerous encounter. Although most of their nests are subterranean, they are often considered a pest due to their nesting in recreational areas and buildings. Because most of the nests are located underground, the cavity in which the nest is built is enlarged by removing soil, carrying it and dropping it outside the nest.[9]. V. maculifrons is commonly found throughout eastern North America to the Great Plains. Southern yellowjacket, Vespula squamosa (Drury): As with Vespula maculifrons, both terrestrial and aerial nests are known for the southern yellowjacket. Just approaching the entrance can elicit a stinging attack from its ultra-defensive inhabitants. Make Use Of Yellow Jacket Poison Bait And Wipe Away The Wasps!
They can deliver multiple stings at once and are loaded with spear-like stingers. [5] Individuals of this species range in size from 12.7–15.9 mm (0.5–0.625 in). [2] These nests are typically subterranean, but have been found in various sites above ground, including buildings. [2] Their nests are so frequently found in recreational and residential areas, they are seen as a pest problem. The queen also begins to nibble the dorsal surface of the male's gaster to further signal the end of copulation. Read On To Know More! Commensalism, which is a relationship where one organism benefits from living on or with another organism without harm, occurs with two species of muscid flies: Fannia canicularis, which is commonly known as the lesser house fly, and Dendrophaonia querceti. Early nest showing individual brood chambers. The queen begins the initial structure of the nest. The Eastern Yellow jacket is a subterranean species, meaning it builds its nest below the ground. [5] However, parasitic colonies were not as frequent in areas of unobstructed forest. The baldfaced hornet is actually a yellowjacket. It receives its common name of baldfaced from its largely black color but mostly white face, and that of hornet becaus… [5] Eventually, all V. maculifrons workers will die out.[20]. A typical yellow jacket nest comprises anywhere between 500 to 15000 cells that houses several thousands of yellow jackets. The prominent black and white in their bodies resemble the colors of the hornets and hence the hornet reference. - Nature Picture Library eastern yellowjacket A cool evening will be the right time to exercise yellow jacket control as the insects will be home after a day’s foraging and they are not every active in sluggish temperatures. It is constructed out of worn, decaying wood, which results in a fragile structure. V. maculifrons is a polyphagous species, meaning that they feed on a variety of foods. (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Pesticide dust can also give you a helping hand at clearing out these pests for good. : Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. V. maculifrons can be differentiated from other wasp species due to its smaller size and abdominal pattern. A good practice is to launder clothes and take a shower immediately after application. Eastern yellow jackets destroy many insects that consume cultivated and ornamental plants, providing a valuable service to humans. There are three popular methods used for yellow jacket control. A bee keeper’s attire will be the best protective gear for the job. 1-5. While the body is curved and wider than the head, the abdomen narrows at its attachment to the thorax, which is thinner than the abdomen. Life is safer and more enjoyable without pests, especially pests like the yellow jacket. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders. Print. [13], A queen is capable of mating starting 48 hours after emerging from the pupal stage. [2] These nests are found in hardwood forests and creek banks, but also in urban and suburban areas. Males of V. maculifrons tend to form loose aggregations, resembling leks, during mating. Common yellow jackets build nests that have open cells that are arranged in cylindrical columns known as petioles. Discover Life's page about the biology, natural history, ecology, identification and distribution of Vespula maculifrons - Eastern yellowjacket -- Discover Life Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. One species of Dolichovespula is also present: the baldfaced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata(Linnaeus). [8] Due to the seasonal differences, the northern cycle is typically shorter than in the south, resulting in smaller nest sizes. By chewing wood and adding in saliva to make a quick-drying pulp, these wasps assemble paper nests. Andrews, Christopher. When these queen cells begin to be constructed, the nest is said to have matured. The safest option is to hire a professional to do the job as the possibility of being stung is very high while removing yellow jacket nests. 836-837. Though it is natively found in Germany and Europe, this invasive species has made the northeastern parts of the United States, Canada and California as its home in the recent times. Roughly 80% of V. squamosa colonies are parasitic, which can be determined if any V. maculifrons workers are present or if the nest itself has the characteristics of a V. maculifrons nest, such as its typical small, tan cells. A shovel is accidentally plunged into a yellow jacket nest and an angry swarm of yellow jackets fly out of the ground toward the detectorist. Smothering the insects with a heavy tarp and bricks to hold them in place can help. Eastern Yellowjackets make their nests in the ground. V. maculifrons is commonly found throughout eastern North America to the Great Plains. Each nest has a queen who sole purpose is to reproduce, the males who are used only for fertilizing the queen and the female workers who are required to work on the nest, feed the queen and the larvae, protect the nest and the queen, etc. Eastern yellow jackets destroy many insects that consume cultivated and ornamental plants, providing a valuable service to humans. Learn How To Get Rid Of Yellow Jackets Easily And Quickly! [4] They aggressively defend their hives from threats and are known to inflict painful stings. [12] Since V. squamosa is known to take over nests of V. maculifrons, selection for V. squamosa favors the ability to recognize and respond to alarm calls within the nest. Yellow jackets can build nests in unoccupied rodent burrows, tree cavities, stumps, worn out logs, attics, abandoned vehicles, old barns and walls of homes. Also known as the common wasp, the common yellow jacket is popularly found in Eurasia and has been introduced in North America as well. "The Behaviour of Workers outside the Nest." V. maculifrons is within the family Vespidae, which is commonly found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, specifically in North America. Yes, we can be aggressive, but we just want to live peacefully. If a second mating occurs, sperm competition may favor the second male. Then, the host colony's workers raise the first brood of V. squamosa, until their own workers are mature. A typical yellow jacket nest comprises anywhere between 500 to 15000 cells that houses several thousands of yellow jackets. The German yellowjacket frequently builds nests in the walls of structures. The eastern yellowjacket (Vespula maculifrons) is a wasp found in eastern it is also the name of the greatest kickball team North America. [2] Raccoons have been found to be one of the main predators in Georgia and Indiana. The detectorist runs like crazy while getting stung. When the alarm pheromone is expressed, wasps around the nest entrance are typically seen circling, outlining a zigzagging flight, and going directly towards the target. During these months, only a few queens survive. Many organic products are also available in the market to choose from. NOTE: thresholds vary by time of year, species, and the expectation of disturbance. Kin recognition occurs because each species has a unique cuticular hydrocarbon composition. It is a generalist species, and so can live happily in urban, suburban, and agricultural areas. Freeze on contact sprays can be useful in particular. Make sure to get the nest opening as well. This yellow jacket is a social insect, living in colonies of hundreds to thousands of individuals. The German yellow jackets are also referred as the European or German wasp. However, the composition between V. maculifrons and V. squamosa is very similar. To find a male, queens fly to trees and bushes where males form aggregations. [5] For example, V. maculifrons is commonly called the eastern yellowjacket and has the black and yellow color that distinguishes the yellowjackets. This is determined by location, but will occur around May or June in the northern regions and around September in southern regions. However, nests have been found from just under the surface to 250 mm (9.8 in) deep. The eastern yellowjacket is a ground nesting species found throughout most of the eastern United States - from North Dakota to Texas and east to the Atlantic coast. [8] Workers go to flowers in an attempt to catch insects, but often end up feeding on nectar and pollinating the flower while doing so. Size: 12mm These yellowjackets are famous for their fondness for soda cans at picnics: many people are extremely fearful of swallowing one that has crawled into their drink. So when the eggs hatch, the larvae fall into the soil below the nest, where waste products and debris also fall. The Lives of Wasps and Bees. Foraging wasps may travel up to 3/4 mile (German yellowjacket) so focus on watching for nest activity (busy wasps coming and going from one spot). Grissell, E. E. and Fasulo, Thomas R. 2007, University of Florida IFAS Extension, pp. For V. maculifrons workers to communicate with others in the nest about a potential predator, they have an alarm pheromone that stimulates defense. If a nest is known to be anywhere near an outdoor eating area or concession stand you may want to act. Genetic structure and breeding system in a social wasp and its social parasite. An active colony can house as many as 600 workers. s.l. Learn more at http://www.ipm.ucanr.edu. The eastern yellowjacket, Vespula maculifrons, is the most abundant yellowjacket in North Carolina. [2] Similar wasp species illustrate workers that help their own kin or harm nonrelatives from growing as a gyne. Like other Vespula species, V. maculifrons is a social wasp. Females of both species lay their eggs directly on the outer portion of the nest envelope. The queen builds the nest by chewing up wood, vegetable fibers and mixing it with saliva to form a paper like substance. Watch this video to understand different ways of killing Yellow Jackets, Why Yellow Jacket Venom Can Prove Fatal Yellow jackets are aggressive wasps that can sting …, Your email address will not be published. Your email address will not be published. As a result, the species participates in cooperative brood care and division between reproductive and nonreproductive groups.[5]. As the name suggests they build their nest off the ground mostly in man-made structures or trees. Yellow jackets can build nests in unoccupied rodent burrows, tree cavities, stumps, worn out logs, attics, abandoned vehicles, old barns and walls of homes. Yes! 12 Greene, Albert, John F. Macdonald, Peter J. Landolt, and Harry G. Davis. These are the two yellowjackets: eastern yellowjacket, V. maculifrons (Buysson) and the southern yellowjacket, V. squamosa (Drury). Males typically patrol large areas randomly, rather than limiting to a few trees. However, polyandry tends to create subfamilies with lower relatedness, which can lead to conflict within the colony. By Roger D. Akre. Although most of their nests are subterranean, they are often considered a pest due to their nesting in recreational areas and buildings. Milne, Lorus and Milne, Margery. Edwards, Robin. They secrete a chemical that acts as an ant repellent which is deposited at the base of each petiole to protect the nest from these crawlers. (1980). East Grinstead: Rentokil, 1980. Nate: Honeybees have barbs on their stinger which causes it to get stuck in you. The queen then lays eggs in these cells, which will become workers when hatched. Find Nest Eastern Yellowjacket Wasp Vespula Maculifrons stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. These creatures use burrows of rodent as nests. Social Wasps: Their Biology and Control. However, the hydrocarbons on the surface of cuticular lipids can also serve in identifying the individual's species, and more importantly, kin. This is used to make the paper nests of these wasps. The baldfaced hornet is actually a yellowjacket. Summary of Invasiveness Top of page. of Agriculture, 1980. It Has! [5] A queen, which mated earlier in the year and spent the winter in diapause, founds a colony by raising the first group of workers. Their subterranean nests are not deep, mostly covered by less than 50 mm (2 in) of soil. Licking sugar from a munchkin at Russell R. Kirt Prairie, Illinois. Lil’Rrover has thick fur and was not harmed in the making of this video. Read On To Know More! ( Duncan, 1939 ; Evans, 1963 ; Ross and Matthews, 1991 ) [17] Queen survival is very important because those that survive diapause are able initiate a new colony in the spring. In our area, the femme fatales of these species spend the winter in protected locations outdoors and initiate new colonies in spring. Vespula maculiforna or Eastern yellowjacket. Products containing 5% carbaryl dust such as Apicide® is cur- Some of the prominent ones are discussed below. July 23, 2013 Yellow Jackets 1 Comment 17,022 Views. In addition, reproductive skew among males is low.[16]. These can be commonly sighted in wooded areas where logs and stumps are popular nesting sites. Yellowjacket Nest: usually underground or in a void (could be within a wall or tree) many layers and large cells throughout . [2] In the colonies that do become parasitic, a V. squamosa queen forcibly takes control of the nest from the host queen. [6] At this point, the queens undergo diapause, which is a dormancy period to avoid the adverse environmental conditions of winter. V. maculifrons is part of the Vespinae subfamily, and these species are part of the yellowjackets. V. maculifrons can be differentiated from other wasp species due to its smaller size and abdominal pattern. True to their name they have a prominent black and yellow coloring (except for the bald faced hornets that are colored black and white). [5] Within these areas, nests are typically built in sheltered places, which can include underground areas, tree stumps, and attics. [18] Workers use this ability to scavenge for dead insects such as earwigs and fall webworm larvae, as well as live arthropods. They are adept at stinging, especially if the nest is threatened. Their large underground nests may contain up to a few thousand individuals. Entrance hole to a ground nest of yellowjackets.
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